The garnet group of related mineral species offers gems of every hue, including fiery red pyrope, vibrant orange spessartine, and rare intense- green varieties of grossular and andradite.

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Purple variety of the mineral quartz, often forms large, six-sided crystals. Fine velvety-colored gems come from African and South American mines. In demand for jewelry at all price points

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Blue to slightly greenish-blue variety of the mineral beryl. Crystals are sometimes big enough to cut fashioned gems of more than 100 carats.

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This hardest gem of all is made of just one element: carbon. It’s valued for its colorless nature and purity. Most diamonds are primeval—over a billion years old—and form deep within the earth.

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The most valued variety of beryl, emerald was once cherished by Spanish conquistadors, Inca kings, Moguls, and pharaohs. Today, fine gems come from Africa, South America, and Central Asia.

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Pearl: Produced in the bodies of marine and freshwater mollusks naturally or cultured by people with great care. Lustrous, smooth, subtly-colored pearls are jewelry staples, especially as strands.

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Alexandrite: The color-change variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Bluish green in daylight, purplish red under incandescen light; hard and durable. Top quality examples are rare and valuable.

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Traces of chromium give this red variety of the mineral corundum its rich color. Long valued by humans of many cultures. In ancient Sanskrit, ruby was called ratnaraj, or “king of precious stones.”

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Yellow-green gem variety of the mineral olivine. Found as nodules in volcanic rock, occasionally as crystals lin veins in mountains of Myanmar and Pakistan, and occasionally inside meteorites.

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Depending on their trace element content, sapphire varieties of the mineral corundum might be blue, yellow green, orange, pink, purple, or even show a six-rayed star if cut as a cabochon.

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Opal: Shifting play of kaleidoscopic colors unlike any other gem. Opal’s microscopic arrays of stacked silica spheres diffract light into a blaze of flashing colors. Color range and pattern help determine value.

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Tourmaline: Comes in many colors, including the remarkable intense violet-to-blue gems particular to Paraíba, Brazil, and similar blues from Africa. One of the widest color ranges of any gem

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A yellow-to-golden member of the quartz mineral group. Deep golden varieties from Madeira, Portugal, can resemble costly imperial topaz. Thought by ancient cultures to increase psychic powers.

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Blue Topaz: Named for the (now called Zabargad) old Greek island Topazios, topaz was never actually found on that island — peridot was. modern mineralogy was around periodot and topaz were often confused. The range of colors topaz comes in is surprising for many people. Color saturations also vary from light to dark. Colorless topaz also exists. Many think of topaz as brown, which is one, but Topaz also comes in blue, green, yellow, orange, red, pink and purple.

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Zircon: Optical properties make it bright and lustrous. Best known for its brilliant blue hues; also comes in warm autumnal yellows an reddish browns, as well as red and green hues.

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Turquoise: Ancient peoples from Egypt to Mesoamerica and China treasured this vivid blue gem. It’s a rare phosphate of copper that only in the earth’s most dry and barren regions.

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